Rhizospheric Trichoderma isolates as potential biocontrol agent for southern leaf blight pathogen (Bipolaris maydis) in fodder maize
Trichoderma isolates against maydis leaf blight
Keywords:
Maize; Bipolaris maydis; biocontrol; defense enzymes; Trichoderma harzianum; southern corn leaf blight.
Abstract
Two indigenous strains of Trichoderma isolated from rhizospheric soils of maize plants were identified as T. harzianum and assessed for antagonistic activity against Bipolaris maydis causing southern corn leaf blight in fodder maize under controlled and field conditions in two consecutive seasons. Dual culture assay of Trichoderma strains showed significantly higher degree of mycelial inhibition (74.35%) against B. maydis. Similarly under field conditions, both the strains of Trichoderma when applied as seed treatment + foliar spray provided highest reduction in leaf blight severity (54.86 and 48.11%) along with 19.03 percent increase in green fodder yield in comparison to control. The efficacy of Trichoderma strains to boost defense responses against southern corn leaf blight disease in maize was also evaluated in bioagents treated leaves. Plants treated with biocontrol agents showed significantly higher activities of antioxidative defense enzymes like peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In treated leaves, the activities of POX and SOD reached maximum at 24 h and activity of CAT reached the highest at 36 h after inoculation of pathogen B. maydis. Enzyme activities induced by Trichoderma strains were more obvious than that induced by pathogen only. This implies that biocontrol agent induced defense responses against southern corn leaf blight pathogen in fodder maize.
References
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Singh BN, Singh A, Singh BR and Singh HB (2014) Trichoderma harzianum elicits induced resistance in sunflower challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. Journal of Applied Microbiology 116, 654–666.
Sivan CJ and Chet I (1989) Degradation of fungal cell walls by lytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of General Microbiology 135, 675-682.
Sreedevi B, Charitha Devi M and Saigopal DVR (2011) Isolation and screening of effective Trichoderma spp. against the root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Journal of Agricultural Technology 7, 623–635.
Sundara Rao WVB and Sinha MK (1963) Phosphate dissolving organisms in soil and rhizosphere. Indian Journal of Agriculture Sciences 33, 272-278.
Surekha CH, Neelapu NRR, Siva PB and Sankar Ganesh P (2014) Induction of defense enzymes and phenolic content by Trichoderma viride in Vigna mungo infested with Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 4 (4), 31-40.
Utkhede RS and Rahe JE (1983) Interaction of antagonist and pathogens in biological control of onion white rot. Phytopathology 73, 890-893.
Wang M, Jia Ma, Lili Fan, Kehe Fu, Chuanjin Yu, Jinxin Gao, Yaqian Li and Jie Chen (2015) Biological control of southern corn leaf blight by Trichoderma atroviride SG3403, Biocontrol Science and Technology 25(10), 1133-1146.
White DG (1999) In: Compendium of Corn Diseases, 3rd ed., Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN.
Bae SJ, Mohanta TK, Chung JY, Ryu M, Gweekyo P, Shim S, Seung-Beom H, Hyunchang S, Dong-Won Bae, Bae I, Kim JJ and Bae H (2016) Trichoderma metabolites as biological control agents against Phytophthora pathogens. Biological Control 92, 128–138.
Bajwa R, Khalid A and Cheema TS (2003) Antifungal activity of allelopathic plant extracts III: growth response of some pathogenic fungi to aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus. Plant Pathology Journal 2, 503–507.
Bhagat S, Gupta M, Banotra M, Sharma A, Sandeep Kumar and Ashu Sharma (2017) Production potential and economics of fodder maize (Zea mays) varieties sown under varying intercropping systems with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 6(12), 4082-4087.
Chance B and Machly AC (1955) Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods Enzymology 2, 764-775.
Chugh V, Kaur N and Gupta AK (2011) Evaluation of oxidative stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to drought. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 48, 47-53.
Dickinson JM, Hanson JR and Truneh A (1995) Metabolites of some biological control agents. Pesticide Science 44, 389-393.
Dixit R, Agrawal L, Gupta S, Kumar M, Yadav S, Chauhan PS and Chandra SN (2016) Southern blight disease of tomato control by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase producing Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488. Plant Signaling and Behavior 11 (2), e1113363 (11 pages).
Gill SS and Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48, 909-30.
Glick BR (2014) Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world. Microbiological Research 169, 30-9.
Hammerschmidt R, Nuckles EM and Kuc J (1982) Association of enhanced peroxidase activity with induced systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium. Physiology and Plant Pathology, 20: 73-82.
Harman GE (2011) Multifunctional fungal plant symbionts: New tools to enhance plant growth and productivity. New Phytologist 189, 647–649.
Jie C, Kai D, Yong‐Dong G and LI Ya‐Qia (2014) Mechanism and application of Trichoderma spp. in biological control of corn diseases. Mycosystema 33(6), 1154‐1167.
Kashyap PL and Dhiman J S (2009) Induction of resistance in cauliflower against Alternaria blight using potassium and phosphonic salts. The Asian and Australasian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 3, 66–70.
Khamari B and Beura SK (2014) Efficacy of Biocontrol agents against maydis leaf blight of maize. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment 11(2), 95-97.
Li L and Steffens JC (2002) Overexpression of polyphenol oxidase in transgenic tomato plants results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance. Planta 215, 239–247.
Liao M, Li Y and Wang Z (2009) Identification of elicitor—Responsive proteins in rice leaves by a proteomic approach. Proteomics 9, 2809–2819.
Lim SM (1975) Heterotic effect of resistance in maize to Helmnthosporium maydis race O. Phytopathology 65, 1117-1120.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NT, Farr AL and Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265-275.
Malik Vinod Kumar, Manjeet Singh, Hooda Karambir Singh, Yadav Naresh Kumar and Chauhan Prashant Kumar (2018). Efficacy of Newer Molecules, Bioagents and Botanicals against Maydis Leaf Blight and Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight of Maize. Plant Pathology Journal 34(2), 121-125.
Mandal S, Mitra A and Mallick N (2008) Biochemical characterization of oxidative burst during interaction between Solanum lycopersicum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Physiology and Molecular Plant Pathology 72, 56-61.
Marklund S and Marklund G (1974) Involvement of superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry 47, 169-174.
Mir SD, Ahmad M, Parray GA, Razvi SM and Gul-Zaffar (2015) Screening of maize inbred lines under artificial epiphytotic conditions for turcicum leaf blight (Excerohilum turcicum). African Journal of Microbiology Research 9(7), 481-483.
Nadeem SM, Ahmad M, Zahir ZA, Javaid A and Ashraf M (2014) The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnology Advances 32: 429–448.
Naglot A, Goswami S, Rahman I, Shrimali DD, Yadav Kamlesh K, Gupta Vikas K, Rabha Aprana Jyoti, Gogoi HK and Veer Vijay (2015) Antagonistic Potential of Native Trichoderma viride Strain against Potent Tea Fungal Pathogens in North East India. Plant Pathology Journal 31(3), 278-289.
Noumavo PA, Agbodjato NA, Gachomo EW, Salami HA, Moussa FB, Adjanohoun A, Kotchoni SO and Moussa LB (2015) Metabolic and biofungicidal properties of mazie rhizobacteria for growth promotion and plant disease resistance. African Journal of Biotechnology Research 14, 811-819.
Polidoros AN, Mylona PV and Scandalios JG (2001) Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the maize Cat2 gene have altered catalase levels that affect plant–pathogen interactions and resistance to oxidative stress. Transgenic Research 10, 555–569.
Radwan DEM, Fayez KA, Mahmoud SY and Lu G (2010) Modifications of antioxidant activity and protein composition of bean leaf due to Bean yellow mosaic virus infection and salicylic acid treatments. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 32 (5), 891–904.
Reddy RT, Reddy PN, Reddy RR and Reddy SS (2013) Management of turcicum leaf blight of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum in maize. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3(10), 1-4.
Shalini S and Kotasthane AS (2007) Parasitism of Rhizoctonia solani by strains of Trichoderma spp. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Cemistry 6, 2272-2281.
Siddaiah CN, Satyanarayana NR, Mudili V, Gupta VK, Gurunathan S, Rangappa S, Huntrike SS and Srivastava RK (2017) Elicitation of resistance and associated defense responses in Trichoderma hamatum induced protection against pearl millet downy mildew pathogen. Science Report 7, 43991.
Siddikee MA, Chauhan PS and Sa T (2012) Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis under salt stress in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing halotolerant bacteria. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 31:265-72.
Singh R and Srivastava RP (2012) Southern Corn Leaf Blight- An Important Disease of Maize: An Extension Fact Sheet. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 1 (Special Issue), 334-337.
Singh BN, Singh A, Singh BR and Singh HB (2014) Trichoderma harzianum elicits induced resistance in sunflower challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. Journal of Applied Microbiology 116, 654–666.
Sivan CJ and Chet I (1989) Degradation of fungal cell walls by lytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum. Journal of General Microbiology 135, 675-682.
Sreedevi B, Charitha Devi M and Saigopal DVR (2011) Isolation and screening of effective Trichoderma spp. against the root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Journal of Agricultural Technology 7, 623–635.
Sundara Rao WVB and Sinha MK (1963) Phosphate dissolving organisms in soil and rhizosphere. Indian Journal of Agriculture Sciences 33, 272-278.
Surekha CH, Neelapu NRR, Siva PB and Sankar Ganesh P (2014) Induction of defense enzymes and phenolic content by Trichoderma viride in Vigna mungo infested with Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 4 (4), 31-40.
Utkhede RS and Rahe JE (1983) Interaction of antagonist and pathogens in biological control of onion white rot. Phytopathology 73, 890-893.
Wang M, Jia Ma, Lili Fan, Kehe Fu, Chuanjin Yu, Jinxin Gao, Yaqian Li and Jie Chen (2015) Biological control of southern corn leaf blight by Trichoderma atroviride SG3403, Biocontrol Science and Technology 25(10), 1133-1146.
White DG (1999) In: Compendium of Corn Diseases, 3rd ed., Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN.
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